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Herpes simian B virus (''Macacine herpesvirus 1'' (formerly ''Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1'', CHV-1〔(B Virus ) at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.〕), ''Herpesvirus simiae'', B virus) is the endemic simplexvirus of macaque monkeys. B virus is an alphaherpesvirus, which consists of a subset of herpes viruses that travel within hosts using the peripheral nerves. As such, this neurotropic virus is not found in the blood. In the natural host, the virus exhibits pathogenesis similar to that of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in humans. Conversely, when humans are zoonotically infected with B virus, patients can present with severe central nervous system disease, resulting in permanent neurological dysfunction or death. Severity of the disease increases for untreated patients, with a case fatality rate of approximately 80%.〔Liu, D. (2014). Cercopithecine herpesvirus1 (B Virus) 4. ''Manual of Security Sensitive Microbes and Toxins'', 31-36.〕 Early diagnosis and subsequent treatment are crucial to human survival of the infection. Linked with more than two dozen deaths since its discovery, B virus is the only identified nonhuman primate herpesvirus that displays severe pathogenicity in humans. The last identified case of human B virus infection occurred in 2008, with the last known fatality occurring in 1997 when researcher Elizabeth Griffin was splashed in the eye at Yerkes National Primate Research Center.〔http://www.ergriffinresearch.org/about-elizabeth/〕 Proper personal protective equipment is essential when working with macaques, especially those animals that have tested positive for the virus. Bites, scratches and exposures to mucous membranes, including the eye, must be cleaned immediately. Since the identification of the virus in 1932, there have been 31 documented cases of human B virus infection, 21 of which led to death. At least 20 of the patients developed some degree of encephalitis.〔(Herpes-B Fact Sheet )〕 ==History== Herpes B virus was first identified in 1932 following the death of Dr. William Brebner, a young physician who was bitten by a monkey while researching the virus that causes poliomyelitis. Soon after, Brebner developed localized erythema, followed by lymphangitis, lymphadenitis and, ultimately, transverse myelitis. Neurologic tissues obtained during Dr. Brebner’s autopsy revealed the presence of an ultrafilterable agent that appeared similar to HSV. This isolate was originally termed “W virus.” Within a year of Brebner’s death, Dr. Albert Sabin identified an unfilterable agent from the same tissue, which he later named B virus. Sabin further described the lethality of B virus by showing that infectivity was independent of the route of inoculation.〔 Additionally, it was observed that B virus induced immunologic responses similar to HSV-1, as well as shared similarities to HVP-2 and Langur herpesvirus, two other nonhuman primate alphaherpesviruses.〔 By 1959, B virus was identified as the causative agent in 17 human cases, 12 of which resulted in death. Approximately 50 cases had been identified by 2002, although only 26 were well documented. The latest identified case of B virus occurred in 2008, per the National B Virus Resource Center in Atlanta, GA. Improvements in handling human cases have been made in the past several decades. Between 1987 to 2004 the rate of mortality has decreased, largely due to the addition of new forms of treatment and improved diagnosis. There have been a total of 5 fatalities related to Herpes B virus in this timeframe.〔http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/yellowbook-2012-home.htm Accessed 2/2/2013〕 Traveling to an area where macaques are known carriers of the virus and interacting in close contact in areas such as temples poses a risk of exposure. However, even in endemic areas, human cases are rare. There have been no known cases of Herpes B virus in travelers.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Herpes B virus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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